mach-o格式分析

OS X

0x00 摘要

人生无根蒂，飘如陌上尘。 分散逐风转，此已非常身。

— 陶渊明 《杂诗》

mach-o格式是OS X系统上的可执行文件格式，类似于windows的PE与linux的ELF，如果不彻底搞清楚mach-o的格式与相关知识，去做其他研究，无异于建造空中阁楼。

每个Mach-O文件斗包含一个Mach-O头，然后是载入命令(Load Commands),最后是数据块(Data)。

接下来就对整个Mach-O的格式做出详细的分析。

0x01 Mach-O格式简单介绍

Mach-O文件的格式如下图所示：

Mach-O

又如下几个部分组成：

  • Header：保存了Mach-O的一些基本信息，包括了平台、文件类型、LoadCommands的个数等等。
  • LoadCommands：这一段紧跟Header，加载Mach-O文件时会使用这里的数据来确定内存的分布。
  • Data：每一个segment的具体数据都保存在这里，这里包含了具体的代码、数据等等。

0x02 Headers

2.1 数据结构

Headers的定义可以在开源的内核代码中找到。

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/*
 * The 32-bit mach header appears at the very beginning of the object file for
 * 32-bit architectures.
 */
struct mach_header {
	uint32_t	magic;		/* mach magic number identifier */
	cpu_type_t	cputype;	/* cpu specifier */
	cpu_subtype_t	cpusubtype;	/* machine specifier */
	uint32_t	filetype;	/* type of file */
	uint32_t	ncmds;		/* number of load commands */
	uint32_t	sizeofcmds;	/* the size of all the load commands */
	uint32_t	flags;		/* flags */
};

/* Constant for the magic field of the mach_header (32-bit architectures) */
#define	MH_MAGIC	0xfeedface	/* the mach magic number */
#define MH_CIGAM	0xcefaedfe	/* NXSwapInt(MH_MAGIC) */

/*
 * The 64-bit mach header appears at the very beginning of object files for
 * 64-bit architectures.
 */
struct mach_header_64 {
	uint32_t	magic;		/* mach magic number identifier */
	cpu_type_t	cputype;	/* cpu specifier */
	cpu_subtype_t	cpusubtype;	/* machine specifier */
	uint32_t	filetype;	/* type of file */
	uint32_t	ncmds;		/* number of load commands */
	uint32_t	sizeofcmds;	/* the size of all the load commands */
	uint32_t	flags;		/* flags */
	uint32_t	reserved;	/* reserved */
};

/* Constant for the magic field of the mach_header_64 (64-bit architectures) */
#define MH_MAGIC_64 0xfeedfacf /* the 64-bit mach magic number */
#define MH_CIGAM_64 0xcffaedfe /* NXSwapInt(MH_MAGIC_64) */

根据mach_header与mach_header_64的定义，很明显可以看出，Headers的主要作用就是帮助系统迅速的定位Mach-O文件的运行环境，文件类型。

Header

2.2 实例

使用工具分析一个mach-o文件来具体的看一下Mach-O Headers。

通过otool可以得到Mach header的具体的情况，但是可读性略微有一点差。

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➜  bin otool -h git
git:
Mach header
      magic cputype cpusubtype  caps    filetype ncmds sizeofcmds      flags
 0xfeedfacf 16777223          3  0x80           2    17       1432 0x00200085

还有一个工具是MachOview可以看的更清楚一点。

Header

  • MagicNumber的值为0xFEEDFACF所以该文件是一个64位平台上的文件
  • CPU Type和CPU SubType也很容易理解，运行在X86_64的CPU平台上
  • File Type标示了该文件是一个可执行文件，后面具体分析
  • Flags标示了这个MachO文件的四个特性，后面具体分析

2.3 具体参数

2.3.1 FileType

因为Mach-O文件不仅仅用来实现可执行文件，同时还用来实现了其他内容

  • 内核扩展
  • 库文件
  • CoreDump
  • …

他的源码定义如下：

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#define	MH_OBJECT	0x1		/* relocatable object file */
#define	MH_EXECUTE	0x2		/* demand paged executable file */
#define	MH_FVMLIB	0x3		/* fixed VM shared library file */
#define	MH_CORE		0x4		/* core file */
#define	MH_PRELOAD	0x5		/* preloaded executable file */
#define	MH_DYLIB	0x6		/* dynamically bound shared library */
#define	MH_DYLINKER	0x7		/* dynamic link editor */
#define	MH_BUNDLE	0x8		/* dynamically bound bundle file */
#define	MH_DYLIB_STUB	0x9		/* shared library stub for static */
					/*  linking only, no section contents */
#define	MH_DSYM		0xa		/* companion file with only debug */
					/*  sections */
#define	MH_KEXT_BUNDLE	0xb		/* x86_64 kexts */

解释一下一些常用到的文件类型。

File Type 用处 例子
MH_OBJECT 编译过程中产生的*.obj文件 gcc -c xxx.c 生成xxx.o文件
MH_EXECUTABLE 可执行二进制文件 /usr/bin/git
MH_CORE CoreDump 崩溃时的Dump文件
MH_DYLIB 动态库 /usr/lib/里面的那些库文件
MH_DYLINKER 连接器linker /usr/lib/dyld文件
MH_KEXT_BUNDLE 内核扩展文件 自己开发的简单内核模块

2.3.2 flags

Mach-O headers还包含了一些很重要的dyld的加载参数。代码中的定义如下：

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#define	MH_INCRLINK	0x2		/* the object file is the output of an
					   incremental link against a base file
					   and can't be link edited again */
#define MH_DYLDLINK	0x4		/* the object file is input for the
					   dynamic linker and can't be staticly
					   link edited again */
#define MH_BINDATLOAD	0x8		/* the object file's undefined
					   references are bound by the dynamic
					   linker when loaded. */
#define MH_PREBOUND	0x10		/* the file has its dynamic undefined
					   references prebound. */
#define MH_SPLIT_SEGS	0x20		/* the file has its read-only and
					   read-write segments split */
#define MH_LAZY_INIT	0x40		/* the shared library init routine is
					   to be run lazily via catching memory
					   faults to its writeable segments
					   (obsolete) */
#define MH_TWOLEVEL	0x80		/* the image is using two-level name
					   space bindings */
...
//太长，有兴趣可以自己看源码
// EXTERNAL_HEADERS/mach-o/x86_64/loader.h

同样简单的介绍几个比较重要的。

Flag Type 含义
MH_NOUNDEFS 目标没有未定义的符号，不存在链接依赖
MH_DYLDLINK 该目标文件是dyld的输入文件，无法被再次的静态链接
MH_PIE 允许随机的地址空间
MH_ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION 栈内存可执行代码，一般是默认关闭的。
MH_NO_HEAP_EXECUTION 堆内存无法执行代码

2.4 Headers小结

Headers

0x03 Load Commands

这是load_command的数据结构

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struct load_command {
	uint32_t cmd;		/* type of load command */
	uint32_t cmdsize;	/* total size of command in bytes */
};

Load Commands 直接就跟在Header后面，所有command占用内存的总和在Mach-O Header里面已经给出了。在加载过Header之后就是通过解析LoadCommand来加载接下来的数据了。我简单的看了一下内核中是如何解析macho数据的，抛开内核的实现细节，逻辑其实也十分简单。

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static
load_return_t
parse_machfile(
	struct vnode 		*vp,       
	vm_map_t		map,
	thread_t		thread,
	struct mach_header	*header,
	off_t			file_offset,
	off_t			macho_size,
	int			depth,
	int64_t			aslr_offset,
	int64_t			dyld_aslr_offset,
	load_result_t		*result
)
{
	[...] //此处省略大量初始化与检测

		/*
		 * Loop through each of the load_commands indicated by the
		 * Mach-O header; if an absurd value is provided, we just
		 * run off the end of the reserved section by incrementing
		 * the offset too far, so we are implicitly fail-safe.
		 */
		offset = mach_header_sz;
		ncmds = header->ncmds;

		while (ncmds--) {
			/*
			 *	Get a pointer to the command.
			 */
			lcp = (struct load_command *)(addr + offset);
			//lcp设为当前要解析的cmd的地址
			oldoffset = offset;
			//oldoffset是从macho文件内存开始的地方偏移到当前command的偏移量
			offset += lcp->cmdsize;
			//重新计算offset，再加上当前command的长度，offset的值为文件内存起始地址到下一个command的偏移量
			/*
			 * Perform prevalidation of the struct load_command
			 * before we attempt to use its contents.  Invalid
			 * values are ones which result in an overflow, or
			 * which can not possibly be valid commands, or which
			 * straddle or exist past the reserved section at the
			 * start of the image.
			 */
			if (oldoffset > offset ||
			    lcp->cmdsize < sizeof(struct load_command) ||
			    offset > header->sizeofcmds + mach_header_sz) {
				ret = LOAD_BADMACHO;
				break;
			}
			//做了一个检测，与如何加载进入内存无关

			/*
			 * Act on struct load_command's for which kernel
			 * intervention is required.
			 */
			switch(lcp->cmd) {
			case LC_SEGMENT:
				[...]
				ret = load_segment(lcp,
				                   header->filetype,
				                   control,
				                   file_offset,
				                   macho_size,
				                   vp,
				                   map,
				                   slide,
				                   result);
				break;
			case LC_SEGMENT_64:
				[...]
				ret = load_segment(lcp,
				                   header->filetype,
				                   control,
				                   file_offset,
				                   macho_size,
				                   vp,
				                   map,
				                   slide,
				                   result);
				break;
			case LC_UNIXTHREAD:
				if (pass != 1)
					break;
				ret = load_unixthread(
						 (struct thread_command *) lcp,
						 thread,
						 slide,
						 result);
				break;
			case LC_MAIN:
				if (pass != 1)
					break;
				if (depth != 1)
					break;
				ret = load_main(
						 (struct entry_point_command *) lcp,
						 thread,
						 slide,
						 result);
				break;
			case LC_LOAD_DYLINKER:
				if (pass != 3)
					break;
				if ((depth == 1) && (dlp == 0)) {
					dlp = (struct dylinker_command *)lcp;
					dlarchbits = (header->cputype & CPU_ARCH_MASK);
				} else {
					ret = LOAD_FAILURE;
				}
				break;
			case LC_UUID:
				if (pass == 1 && depth == 1) {
					ret = load_uuid((struct uuid_command *) lcp,
							(char *)addr + mach_header_sz + header->sizeofcmds,
							result);
				}
				break;
			case LC_CODE_SIGNATURE:
				[...]
				ret = load_code_signature(
					(struct linkedit_data_command *) lcp,
					vp,
					file_offset,
					macho_size,
					header->cputype,
					result);
				[...]
				break;
#if CONFIG_CODE_DECRYPTION
			case LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO:
			case LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64:
				if (pass != 3)
					break;
				ret = set_code_unprotect(
					(struct encryption_info_command *) lcp,
					addr, map, slide, vp, file_offset,
					header->cputype, header->cpusubtype);
				if (ret != LOAD_SUCCESS) {
					printf("proc %d: set_code_unprotect() error %d "
					       "for file \"%s\"\n",
					       p->p_pid, ret, vp->v_name);
					/* 
					 * Don't let the app run if it's 
					 * encrypted but we failed to set up the
					 * decrypter. If the keys are missing it will
					 * return LOAD_DECRYPTFAIL.
					 */
					 if (ret == LOAD_DECRYPTFAIL) {
						/* failed to load due to missing FP keys */
						proc_lock(p);
						p->p_lflag |= P_LTERM_DECRYPTFAIL;
						proc_unlock(p);
					 }
					 psignal(p, SIGKILL);
				}
				break;
#endif
			default:
				/* Other commands are ignored by the kernel */
				ret = LOAD_SUCCESS;
				break;
			}
			if (ret != LOAD_SUCCESS)
				break;
		}
		if (ret != LOAD_SUCCESS)
			break;
	}

	[...] //此处略去加载之后的处理代码
}

3.1cmdsize字段

这里主要看while循环刚刚进入的时候几行代码,来理解是如何通过load_command的cmd字段来解析Macho文件的数据。

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...
lcp = (struct load_command *)(addr + offset);
//lcp设为当前要解析的cmd的地址
oldoffset = offset;
//oldoffset是从macho文件内存开始的地方偏移到当前command的偏移量
offset += lcp->cmdsize;
//重新计算offset，再加上当前command的长度，offset的值为文件内存起始地址到下一个command的偏移量
...

3.2 cmd字段

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switch(lcp->cmd) {
			case LC_SEGMENT:
				[...]
				ret = load_segment(lcp,
				                   header->filetype,
				                   control,
				                   file_offset,
				                   macho_size,
				                   vp,
				                   map,
				                   slide,
				                   result);
				break;
			case LC_SEGMENT_64:
				[...]
				ret = load_segment(lcp,
				                   header->filetype,
				                   control,
				                   file_offset,
				                   macho_size,
				                   vp,
				                   map,
				                   slide,
				                   result);
				break;
			case LC_UNIXTHREAD:
				if (pass != 1)
					break;
				ret = load_unixthread(
						 (struct thread_command *) lcp,
						 thread,
						 slide,
						 result);
				break;
			case LC_MAIN:
				if (pass != 1)
					break;
				if (depth != 1)
					break;
				ret = load_main(
						 (struct entry_point_command *) lcp,
						 thread,
						 slide,
						 result);
				break;
			case LC_LOAD_DYLINKER:
				if (pass != 3)
					break;
				if ((depth == 1) && (dlp == 0)) {
					dlp = (struct dylinker_command *)lcp;
					dlarchbits = (header->cputype & CPU_ARCH_MASK);
				} else {
					ret = LOAD_FAILURE;
				}
				break;
			case LC_UUID:
				if (pass == 1 && depth == 1) {
					ret = load_uuid((struct uuid_command *) lcp,
							(char *)addr + mach_header_sz + header->sizeofcmds,
							result);
				}
				break;
			case LC_CODE_SIGNATURE:
				[...]
				ret = load_code_signature(
					(struct linkedit_data_command *) lcp,
					vp,
					file_offset,
					macho_size,
					header->cputype,
					result);
				[...]
				break;
#if CONFIG_CODE_DECRYPTION
			case LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO:
			case LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64:
				if (pass != 3)
					break;
				ret = set_code_unprotect(
					(struct encryption_info_command *) lcp,
					addr, map, slide, vp, file_offset,
					header->cputype, header->cpusubtype);
				if (ret != LOAD_SUCCESS) {
					printf("proc %d: set_code_unprotect() error %d "
					       "for file \"%s\"\n",
					       p->p_pid, ret, vp->v_name);
					/* 
					 * Don't let the app run if it's 
					 * encrypted but we failed to set up the
					 * decrypter. If the keys are missing it will
					 * return LOAD_DECRYPTFAIL.
					 */
					 if (ret == LOAD_DECRYPTFAIL) {
						/* failed to load due to missing FP keys */
						proc_lock(p);
						p->p_lflag |= P_LTERM_DECRYPTFAIL;
						proc_unlock(p);
					 }
					 psignal(p, SIGKILL);
				}
				break;
#endif
			default:
				/* Other commands are ignored by the kernel */
				ret = LOAD_SUCCESS;
				break;
			}

从这一段代码可以看出，根据cmd字段的类型不同，使用了不同的函数来加载。简单的列出一张表看一看在内核代码中不同的command类型都有哪些作用。

Command类型 处理函数 用途
LC_SEGMENT；LC_SEGMENT_64 load_segment 将segment中的数据加载并映射到进程的内存空间去
LC_LOAD_DYLINKER load_dylinker 调用/usr/lib/dyld程序
LC_UUID load_uuid 加载128-bit的唯一ID
LC_THREAD load_thread 开启一个MACH线程，但是不分配栈空间。
LC_UNIXTHREAD load_unixthread 开启一个UNIX线程
LC_CODE_SIGNATURE load_code_signature 进行数字签名
LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO set_code_unprotect 加密二进制文件

0x04 Segment&Section

加载数据时，主要加载的就是LC_SEGMET活着LC_SEGMENT_64。其他的Segment的用途在上一节已经简单的介绍了，这里不做深究。

LCSEGMENT以及LC_SEGMENT_64的数据结构是这样的。

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struct segment_command { /* for 32-bit architectures */
	uint32_t	cmd;		/* LC_SEGMENT */
	uint32_t	cmdsize;	/* includes sizeof section structs */
	char		segname[16];	/* segment name */
	uint32_t	vmaddr;		/* memory address of this segment */
	uint32_t	vmsize;		/* memory size of this segment */
	uint32_t	fileoff;	/* file offset of this segment */
	uint32_t	filesize;	/* amount to map from the file */
	vm_prot_t	maxprot;	/* maximum VM protection */
	vm_prot_t	initprot;	/* initial VM protection */
	uint32_t	nsects;		/* number of sections in segment */
	uint32_t	flags;		/* flags */
};


struct segment_command_64 { /* for 64-bit architectures */
	uint32_t	cmd;		/* LC_SEGMENT_64 */
	uint32_t	cmdsize;	/* includes sizeof section_64 structs */
	char		segname[16];	/* segment name */
	uint64_t	vmaddr;		/* memory address of this segment */
	uint64_t	vmsize;		/* memory size of this segment */
	uint64_t	fileoff;	/* file offset of this segment */
	uint64_t	filesize;	/* amount to map from the file */
	vm_prot_t	maxprot;	/* maximum VM protection */
	vm_prot_t	initprot;	/* initial VM protection */
	uint32_t	nsects;		/* number of sections in segment */
	uint32_t	flags;		/* flags */
};

可以看出，这里大部分的数据是用来帮助内核将Segment映射到虚拟内存的。主要要关注的是nsects

字段，标示了Segment中有多少secetion。section是具体有用的数据存放的地方。

Section的数据结构如下：

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struct section { /* for 32-bit architectures */
	char		sectname[16];	/* name of this section */
	char		segname[16];	/* segment this section goes in */
	uint32_t	addr;		/* memory address of this section */
	uint32_t	size;		/* size in bytes of this section */
	uint32_t	offset;		/* file offset of this section */
	uint32_t	align;		/* section alignment (power of 2) */
	uint32_t	reloff;		/* file offset of relocation entries */
	uint32_t	nreloc;		/* number of relocation entries */
	uint32_t	flags;		/* flags (section type and attributes)*/
	uint32_t	reserved1;	/* reserved (for offset or index) */
	uint32_t	reserved2;	/* reserved (for count or sizeof) */
};

struct section_64 { /* for 64-bit architectures */
	char		sectname[16];	/* name of this section */
	char		segname[16];	/* segment this section goes in */
	uint64_t	addr;		/* memory address of this section */
	uint64_t	size;		/* size in bytes of this section */
	uint32_t	offset;		/* file offset of this section */
	uint32_t	align;		/* section alignment (power of 2) */
	uint32_t	reloff;		/* file offset of relocation entries */
	uint32_t	nreloc;		/* number of relocation entries */
	uint32_t	flags;		/* flags (section type and attributes)*/
	uint32_t	reserved1;	/* reserved (for offset or index) */
	uint32_t	reserved2;	/* reserved (for count or sizeof) */
	uint32_t	reserved3;	/* reserved */
};

除了同样有帮助内存映射的变量外，在了解Mach-O格式的时候，只需要知道不同的Section有着不同的作用就可以了。

Section 作用
__text 代码
__cstring 硬编码的字符串
__const const 关键词修饰过的变量
__DATA.__bss bss段

因为section类型已经是最小的分类了，还有更多复杂section段就不一一例举了，遇到没见过的section类型可以自行查找Apple文档。

0x05 小结

通过对Mach-O格式的仔细分析，可以更好的理解Mach-O文件的加载过程，为研究dyld或者其他OS X系统下的模块打好基础。

参考

1.mach-o文件加载的全过程(1)

http://dongaxis.github.io/2015/01/01/mac-o%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%8A%A0%E8%BD%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A8%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B-1/

2.Mach-O 可执行文件

http://objccn.io/issue-6-3/

3.iPhone Mach-O文件格式与代码签名

http://zhiwei.li/text/2012/02/15/iphone-mach-o%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%8E%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E7%AD%BE%E5%90%8D/

4.Dynamic Linking of Imported Functions in Mach-O

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/187181/Dynamic-Linking-of-Imported-Functions-in-Mach-O

5.otool详解Mach-o文件头部

http://www.mc2lab.com/?p=68

PS:

更多文章可以在我的学习分享博客http://BLOGIMAGE/

希望可以多多交流，不足之处还希望大家可以给与指正：）

本文标题:mach-o格式分析

文章作者:mrh

发布时间:2016年03月07日 - 11时18分

最后更新:2016年03月23日 - 23时37分

原始链接:http://turingh.github.io/2016/03/07/mach-o文件格式分析/

许可协议: "署名-非商用-相同方式共享 3.0" 转载请保留原文链接及作者。

文章目录
  1. 1. 0x00 摘要
  2. 2. 0x01 Mach-O格式简单介绍
  3. 3. 0x02 Headers
    1. 3.1. 2.1 数据结构
    2. 3.2. 2.2 实例
    3. 3.3. 2.3 具体参数
      1. 3.3.1. 2.3.1 FileType
      2. 3.3.2. 2.3.2 flags
    4. 3.4. 2.4 Headers小结
  4. 4. 0x03 Load Commands
    1. 4.0.1. 3.1cmdsize字段
    2. 4.0.2. 3.2 cmd字段
  • 5. 0x04 Segment&Section
  • 6. 0x05 小结
  • 7. 参考
  • 8. PS:
    • ,